TARIFFS AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT!

TARIFFS AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT

1a) Discuss briefly the factors governing tariff structures.

The tariff structure of energy is governed by the factors:

Demand

The demand level of energy will determine the tariff structure of energy, when the demand is high the tariff is likely to be low and when the demand is low the tariff is likely to be high.

Rate

The rate charge of unit consumption of energy will also determine the structure of energy tariffs; the rate is the unit charge of one unit of energy consumed.

Distribution voltage

The distribution voltage will also determine the structure of energy tariff when the distribution voltage is high then the tariff is likely to be high.

User application:

The other factor that determines the structure ids the user application, this is whether the consumption is for domestic application or for industrial or commercial purposes.

Accounting methods

The other determining factor is the accounting method used in determining the consumption level of electricity, the most used application of determining the consumption level is the use of electric meters that determine the watt consumption level over a period of time.

Social and economic factors:

The structure of energy tariff will also be determined through considering the social and economic factors in a region, the adoption of a certain structure will take into consideration other factors of a region.

1b) Describe a typical tariff for:-

i) Domestic consumers

The domestic consumer will pay for the number of units consumed per month, these charges may include a monthly standing charge, for example the rate will be charged per KWH, and for example a domestic consumer may be required to pay a twenty dollar standing charge and in addition to this pay 40 cents per KWH. The tariff will also change in terms of peak and off peak consumption, peak units will be charged higher than off peak.

ii) Industrial consumers

An industrial consumer will still pay a standing monthly charge if applicable, he will also be required to pay for the number of units consumed per month, for industrial consumption of energy the consumer will pay less due to bulk consumption than the domestic consumer, peak charges will be higher than the off peak charges and summer tariffs will also be different from the winter charges where winter charges will be higher than the summer tariffs.

2) A factory with a foundry and a machine shop has a maximum demand of 750 kW and a load factor of 0.2. The tariff is 20 Pound/kW of maximum demand + 4 Pence/kWh of energy consumed.

a) Calculate the annual cost of electricity.

Load factor = (KWH/ total KWH) X 100

0.2 = (750/ Y)

Y= 3750

Total consumption = 3750

Cost = 3750 X .04 = 150

Cost for maximum demand 750 X 20 = 15000

Total cost = 15000 +150 = 15150 pounds

b) Discuss briefly one way in which the energy cost of the factory may be reduced without reducing the number of kWh consumed.

Because most of tariffs are charged higher during peak hours then the firm may reduce the cost of energy by utilizing the off peak hours when the tariffs are lower. Lower energy costs can also be achieved by reducing the load factor of the firm, if the firm achieves a lower load factors then the cost of energy will be lower which can be achieved without reducing the number of KWH consumed.

3a) State one method of raising the overall power factor of an industrial load.

Use of an power corrector either passive or active (PFC)

3b) Discuss briefly the advantages and disadvantages of applying power factor correction at:

i) The main bus bars

Advantage:

It is a useful method in power factor correction

The use of a filter can reduce the harmonic current

Disadvantage:

The rectifier used in this case is non linear and therefore there is energy at the harmonics of the frequency of the input current.

The above problem also posses a problem to the energy providing company as they cannot rectify this problem, whereby they cannot use capacitors to rectify the harmonic current.

ii) Individual loads

Advantages:

It is easy to adjust the correction level because the correction acts as a variable capacitor.

4) A factory has maximum demand of 400 kW at a lagging power factor such that 600 kVAr of re-active power has to be supplied.

The tariff in operation includes a maximum demand charge of 12 Pound/kVA.

Consider the effect of adding capacitor banks to the system in SIX stages, each drawing 100 kVAr leading. The capital charges on each 100 kVAr bank are 400 Pound per annum.

a) Calculate the net saving and overall power factor at each stage.

Power factor = real power (p) watts/ apparent power (s) volt amperes

S² =P² + Q²

Where Q is the reactive power measured in VAR

	reactive power Q	P	s	power factor	savings	per year
initial	600	400000	400000.45	0.999998875		0
stage 1	500	399999.5	399999.862	0.999999219	7.04999725	84.599967
stage 2	400	399999.5	399999.75	0.9999995	8.3999979	100.79997
stage 3	300	399999.5	399999.662	0.999999719	9.44999867	113.39998
stage 4	200	399999.5	399999.6	0.999999875	10.1999994	122.39999
stage 5	100	399999.5	399999.562	0.999999969	10.6499998	127.8
stage 6	0	399999.5	399999.55	1	10.8	129.6

b) Plot a graph of net saving (vertically) against overall power factor (horizontally)

c) Explain what your results and graph show.

From the above graph it is clear that as we increase the number of bank capacitors the reaction energy is reduced until it is zero, the firm makes a save on their cost of energy as shown above.

5) Energy-efficient lamps are miniature fluorescent lamp designed to replace ordinary GLS lamps.

a) Discuss briefly the advantages and disadvantages of energy-efficient lamps compared with other sources of illumination.

Advantages of miniature fluorescent

They consume less energy than GLS lamps

Longer life span

Disadvantages of miniature fluorescent

Costly to install and maintain

Cannot be used at low voltages

Do not lender desired color

Advantages of GLS lamps

Cheap to install and maintain

They lender good color

Simple to operate

Disadvantages of GLS lamps

Consume more energy

Short life span

b) Obtain manufacture’s data and compare the total cost of using an energy-efficient lamp with that of an ordinary GLS lamp, assuming illumination is provided for 8000 hours.

	GLS	Florescent
initial cost	2.8	9.3
power consumption watt	100	7
voltage	240	240
per hour	0.41666667	0.029166667
constant 10	4.16666667	0.291666667
8000 hours	33333.3333	2333.333333
total cost	33336.1333	2342.633333

Horses Are More Faithful and Bright to Man!

The man in one's life may have many friends. A study shows that if you are kind to your horses, horses can become the loyalist and longest friends.

This result published on the Animal Behavior Magazine.

Testing

An animal behaviorist Carroll Sankey and his colleagues of the University de Rennes in France took 20 Anglo-Arab horses and three French riding horses as the research objects to test their understanding and memory of orders from the horse trainer over a period of time.

The training program was carried out by a female horse trainer combined with basic course and medical care, including 41 steps. For example, when the horses hear the order of "Don't move", the horses must keep still. For another instance, when the horse trainer takes the temperature with a thermometer for them, they must coordinate with the horse trainer.

If the horses can perform these orders correctly, the horses would be rewarded with food by the horse trainer. After getting "delicious award", the horses would take a positive attitude over the horse trainer, for example smell and lick. These behaviors are not because they want to get more food from the horse trainer but because they are being nice to the horse trainer.

After the training program and the eight months of separation, when these horses saw the horse trainer once again, horses which were rewarded with food by the horse trainer take a positive attitude over the horse trainer and not resist another new horse trainer. This phenomenon suggests that they have been cultivated positive impression with human.

The research results show that in terms of positively hardly training and education, there is no difference between horses and human, which means in the positive atmosphere, their learning effect and memory effect are better. The researchers also wrote: "The negative behaviors by horses hardly untrained display fourfold to sextuple to horses hardly trained, such as bite, kick or fall on the researchers."

Researchers said that, the human languages which can be understood by horses are more than were expected. And what's more, their memories are very good. They can not only remember their human friends after a long time separation but also remember complex order steps for ten years and even more.

The US Discovery Channel quoted Sankey as saying: "The 'social relations' of horses can keep a long time and sometimes even all their life."

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Socialization!

Socialization. The very word creates a cataclysmic effect: potential home schooling families are sent running to the doors of the public school system and new home schooling families are sent scurrying off to the nearest secluded corner of the room. Veteran home scholars, however, simply smile knowingly, understanding that ignorance is by no means reality.

Ignorance has slowed man’s progress throughout history. Before the 1400’s, ignorance kept men from exploring the oceans and discovering new lands. Ignorance about germs hindered medical science for years. Today, ignorance about socialization continues to thwart the progress of education.

An accurate understanding of socialization is needed. Is socialization only positive or can it be harmful? Does interaction with only one age group define proper socialization? Is too much socialization possible? Who determines whether or not a person is properly socialized and what defines proper socialization?

If proper socialization is defined as spending the majority of your waking hours with people within one year of your age, then not only are home scholars not properly socialized, but neither are most adults in the general population. Most employees do not spend their day communicating only with people who are within one year of their own age. Instead, they are in contact with people of various ages, from the newly hired college graduate to the soon-retiring stalwart. If proper socialization, however, is defined as interacting with a variety of people of a variety of ages, then home scholars, like the rest of the population, are properly socialized. They interact daily with family members, often ranging from very young siblings to elderly grandparents. They also have contact with music teachers, sports coaches, pastors, librarians, and a host of other people in the community.

Even if socialization was improperly narrowed to define interacting only with peers, home school students still have a wide range of opportunities for socializing. Because home schooling has grown so rapidly over the past twenty years, the emergence of home school co-ops and support groups has also expanded, thereby providing home school students the opportunity to meet regularly with other home school students. Many home schooling families also take the time to meet regularly in homes with other home schooling families. In addition, home scholars interact regularly with other young people from their church. Most communities have numerous churches that offer youth programs. Home school students can also get involved in playing community sports where they interact with other young people. Many are involved in extra-curricular clubs and activities such as 4H, drama club, orchestra, and countless other possibilities. Research by Dr. Brian Ray, president of National home Education Institute (NHERI), has determined that home school students are involved in an average of 5.2 activities. These varied activities provide home school students with ample opportunity to socialize with their peers.

Consider the fact that not all socialization is positive. The problem of bullying in the public school system is well-documented. Many schools have installed metal detectors to deter weapons from being brought into school. Police dogs are often brought into the schools in search of illegal drugs. Foul language and bad attitudes are other negative influences abundant in the public school environment. Common sense dictates that daily exposure to bullying, weapons, illegal drugs, foul language, and bad attitudes is not a positive influence on children.

Veteran home schooling families have learned over time that socialization is not a problem. Their children have grown into responsible, caring adults who are a positive contribution to society. Research by NHERI reveals that 92% of home school graduates agree that “having been home schooled is an advantage to them as an adult.” Time has proven that socialization is not an issue with home schooling.

So, the next time you hear the word socialization; don’t go slinking off as if you’ve been dealt a devastating blow. Instead, slowly chip away at society’s ignorance of this issue and take the time to explain why socialization is not a reason against home schooling; rather it is a reason for home schooling.

The how's and why's of proper socialization

Socialization describes the process by which a dog learns to relate to people, other dogs and his environment. Your dog will continue learning throughout his whole life. However, during his puppy stage is when any experience—good or bad—has the greatest, longest lasting impact. What your puppy experiences in his first few months will effect his behavior for the rest of his life.

When considering purchasing or adopting a puppy, be certain that you have the time to invest in socializing your puppy during his first few weeks with you. Socialization forms the foundation for your dog's behavior later in life. It's also a great way to get know your puppy very well.

Begin socialization as soon as you bring your puppy home. Adhering to your puppy's vaccination program can be seen as an obstacle to socialization, but with some considerations this can be done without compromising his vaccinations. Much of the early socialization can be done in your home. Besides, the risk of your puppy contracting an infectious disease is easily minimized by just carrying him when he is outside your home.

To properly socialize your puppy, here are some things you should commit to doing:

• Identify situations and environments in which your puppy will need to be comfortable. These often include:

• Interacting with your children and their friends
• Riding in the car
• Meeting the mailman, other deliverymen, repairmen or landscapers
• Walking along the street or through the neighborhood
• Tolerating large trucks and cars
• Larger animals, like cows or horses
• Resident pets already in the household
• Vacuum cleaners, hair dyers, washing machines and other loud appliances.

• Basically, you are trying to prepare your puppy for all eventualities, so that when he encounters anyone or anything new, he will greet it within inquisitiveness rather than fear or aggression.

• Expose your puppy to all sights and sounds gradually and allow him to explore and learn for himself. For example, turn on the vacuum cleaner in another room to avoid startling him by a sudden loud noise, and let him go to find it. Make every effort to ensure that when he finds it, it is rewarding rather than threatening. You can do this by placing a piece of food next to the vacuum cleaner. If your puppy is quite shy and frightened, you can start off by having a snack next to the switched off vacuum cleaner, and then work your way toward your puppy tolerating it when it is switched on.

• Introduce your puppy to a variety of different people. Let him meet people of all descriptions, bearded, thin, overweight, tall, wearing hats or glasses, carrying bags, pushing bicycles, etc. When taking your puppy for a walk, take some tasty snacks with you and ask people to give one to your puppy. Soon, your puppy will learn that all people are friendly. You can incorporate some basic training into this by teaching him to sit before people give him a snack. This will prevent him from jumping up at strangers.

• Teach your puppy to interact with other dogs correctly. Puppies, like all young animals, love to play, and games play a vital part of a dog's development. Dogs develop their canine communication skills through playing with other dogs as puppies. Bite inhibition is one behavior taught through play. When puppies play physical games, they soon learn that a littermate or adult dog will not tolerate sharp teeth pulling on ears or necks. If a puppy bites another dog too hard, he will get a quick reprimand, and the other dog stops the game for a brief moment. A puppy soon learns to inhibit the strength of his bites and will cease to bite too hard when playing with other dogs. One way of getting good socialization with other dogs and puppies is by attending “puppy parties” at your local veterinary clinic or your local dog training group. Here, your puppy can meet other dogs and people in a friendly and structured environment.

• You and your family should continue to teach bite inhibition at home. Whenever your puppy uses his teeth on your skin, you should respond with a sharp yelp of pain (even if it does not hurt). This teaches your puppy that touching human skin with his teeth is not allowed, no matter how gentle he is. Stop the game you and your puppy were playing momentarily, and your puppy will quickly learn that in order to continue having fun he must not bite you.

Complete socialization is an unattainable goal. It is impossible to expose your puppy to everything that he is likely to meet in his future years. However, if you can teach him that new experiences are pleasant, he will grow up learning that unknown things and situations are something to explore, rather than to be fearful of. And don't be surprised if your previously confident puppy starts to show apprehension towards objects that he used to be fine with as he enters his juvenile period (at approximately 14 months of age, dependant on the breed). This is normal in many dogs at this age. If it occurs, you should carry on with your socialization program by re-exposing the adolescent dog to new experiences on a regular basis.