ADAPTATION NEXUS ORGANIC EVOLUTION!

IT IS BEEN SAID THAT LIVING BEINGS (MEN) IMPOSE HIGHER TENDENCIES.LIVING BEINGS ALWAYS TENDS TO GROW WELL AND BETTER.THE TENDENCIES ARE FROM WITHIN.THE ACTION IS ALWAYS THE REACTION OF INNER TENDENCIES (THOUGHTS). SINCE IT IS AN EVIDENT SUPPOSITION THAT THE NATURE IS FIRST ORIGINATED AS A SUBSTRATUM FOR THE LIVING BEINGS AND TO HELD THE NON-LIVING THINGS INTACT (SURFACE). HOW THE NON-LIVING THINGS AND THE LIVING THINGS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH THE NATURE IS A MATTER OF QUESTION.SELECTION AND SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST IS MAIN CONCERN OF NATURE.NOW THE PHENOMENON OF ADAPTATION ARISES.THAT MEANS ONE WHO ADAPTS TO THE NATURE (FIT) SURVIVES.MEN IS THE CONSEQUENCE OF ADAPTIVE ORGANIC EVOLUTION OF THE FOREMOST CREATURES ON EARTH WHATEVER THEY MAY BE.ORGANIC HERE MEANS EVER LY AND ORDERED MANNER.SO OVERALL IT CAN BE SAID THAT ADAPTATION NEXUS ORGANIC EVOLUTION.

My saying-adaptation seeks adaptation. It is relative modification and adjustment against the adverse surroundings {may be soil, atmosphere or any natural aspect}.

It is actually the inner instinct-an eternal rapscallion's. We actually are behaving against the surroundings. The climatic aspects want to defeat; so our reverse nature. It actually represents fitness mathematically. Adapt actually represent firm conformity.

We, men change our cloth against the climatic weather; thick in winter and thin in summer. The bear survival in cold and its thick black fur represent its adaptive nature. Aves and similar creatures have firm beaks.Black color and white color define adaptation correspondingly. The anomalous expansion of water is also a type of adaptation. Loss of leaves by trees, coniferous trees in cold places is also a type of adaptation and so on.

It has been eternally felt that adaptation is the very cause of organic evolution.

Nature selection and survival of the fittest coherently define adaptation.

A circle of feeding habit (nutrition) called as food chain defines the so called tropic levels. The pyramids of energy (food taking strategy) directly qualify adaptation in a certain direction.

Due to men irresponsible deeds every food chains are being designated as food webs. The name clarifies itself.

At a sum total the adapting nature of both living and non living things is deteriorating with time. This brings about various disasters on the earth crust (its various aspects).

This is a concise theory about the term adaptation.

What are the resources to be successful in life?

All the new starting is with nothing, the resources they can control are very limited and fragile. Life career development is actually a gradual increase in use of resources that individuals can employ.

In life, there are several resources:

1. Time Resource

Time is life, time is money.

People often say, youth is the capital, which refers to young people have time to do their own business they want to do. Even if the setbacks, failures, they can also start from scratch. But the older people may only can lament when they are young they can choose to try a variety of careers. However, as life is fleeting, only for decades. In a limited period of time, in the fierce competitive environment, a person can only seek the success of a particular industry.

2. Knowledge is power

Futurist, strategic scientists indicate that the country's strategic position in the 21st century, first of all depends on the state of knowledge in this country, such as science and technology strength wall, the number of schools, the proportion of highly educated citizens. Thus we can see that knowledge is a country's strategic resources, but also the key to the development of knowledge-based economy. A person has the knowledge, and his chances of success are proportional to it. In the future, in a certain industry, a specialized people in his study field have been designed greatly welcomed by employing unit personnel.

3. Interpersonal resources

As everyone knows, a person's success, expertise, operational capacity is indeed very important, but the contribution of interpersonal relations is even up to 60% - 80%. It can be seen that interpersonal resource is a decisive influence of life.

4. Healthy body

The body is revolutionary capital. Work requires good health, abundant energy to support. In the future society overtime is normal, especially in the crucial stage of major projects. The key is to maintain a good body is combine work with relaxation. Some industries and specific jobs are to employ people, first of all to look at the body. Such as marketing staff, to "be able to adapt to the work intensity and can often travel"; modeling career has special requirements to right height and body type.

Recruitment of public ritual is also critical body image. Such as myopia, color blindness, sick people in many occupations, more restricted.

5. Money Resources

Money is the basic source of life. Appropriate money can meet the daily consumption of clothing, housing, and transportation. In addition, the good jobs require a good education; vocational training needs the tuition fees. With the capital you can go to business, do something about your own careers.

Resources are the key to career success in life. Is heading for glory, just to see how you integrate these valuable resources.

The importance of aligning HRD with business strategy!

Introduction
Previous findings have suggested that human resource management practices and beliefs play important roles in the management of businesses today especially when it comes to planning, recruiting and motivating employees to commit themselves for the organisation. Comes to issues of Therefore, there is a unique relationship between the human resource management practices and techniques employed by an organisation and its overall performance. Certain sets of human resource practices are critical for any organization restructuring and if they are not implemented, they will lead to poor performances. These practices as discussed below are important in jump starting the organisation’s revenue and profit growth if well utilized. This paper will examine various functions of human resource management in relations to business objectives.

Alignment
Strategic human resources management, alignment with mission achievement, strategic alignment these terms are some of the phrases which are being used to explain the latest, evolving function of human resources management (HRM). Different people will give different meaning for these terms. Consequently, it’s imperative to ascertain from the starting what we are really talking about. Human resources department alignment implies integrating decisions concerning employees with decisions regarding the outcomes a business is attempting to reach the objective of the company in relations to its business targets.

Agency wide Planning
To a number of organizations, strategic planning means a manner of life to them. To other organization is an exercise, while to many organizations it is obligation. Many organizations pursue an unbroken, three stage strategic planning practice.

Examples of companies
Starbucks Corporation
Starbucks Corporation is a big multinational coffee and coffeehouse chain/outlet company which is based in United States. Starbucks currently is the biggest coffeehouse company in the whole world.

Evaluation of HRM
With human resource rising as the primary asset of an organisation, human resources (HR) management are being faced with new challenges to come up with strategic approaches that can add value to the organisations when sourcing for new employees. To address this issue the human resource have to formulated sourcing strategies that will add value to an organisation in pursuit of identifying, recruiting, developing and retaining highly talented employees who can take the company to new heights and provide a competitive advantage to the company (Armstrong, pp76-83). However, global workforce has become extra mobile and much more aware of its worth. Today, talented employees are hot items on the global labour market, thus, employers are forced to work more hard to be able to retain, motivate and develop good employees.

Human capital is the most important and expensive resource of an organization, many professional, and market analysts do agree that up to 80% of the organisation worth is contained in the organisation work force. Armstrong (76-83) observes that, highly successful organisations understands this vital differentiators and do take the required measures to get the most out of their human resource assets. Strategic recruitment, hiring, retaining and training programs by the human resource management should focus on getting the best out of its workforce of the organisation. (Armstrong 76-83)

Each employee requires more learning in order to improve his /her skills, no matter how best a candidate is, he/she can not be 100% percent qualified. Thus, the human resource management should implement learning management system. (Beardwell & Holden, 1997)

Starbucks Corporation has understood this aspect and that is why it recognizes that its employees are one of their highly valuable resources. The very first guiding rule in their mission statement also addresses the Company’s principle towards its employees: “Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity”. The management recognizes that the Starbucks employees play a foremost function in the expansion of the company. (Hoovers.com, 2007)

Starbucks Corporation training can be termed as systematic enhancement of knowledge, skills and attitudes of the needed by an employee in order to perform a given task. Development is the growth of an employee in terms of capability, understanding and awareness. In Starbucks Corporation training and development has helped the company to;
Develop a workforce that can perform higher-grade assignments
Increase efficiency, effectiveness and standards of performance by the employee
Keep the employees informed
Provide the usual training of new recruited workforce (Armstrong, 2006)

Compensation and benefits
Workers need to be compensated for their performance in order to encourage them to keep up or improve on that performance. The moment the human resource establishes the performance of the worker, managers should reward to commensurate with the worker’s achievement. These will ensure maximum production and effectiveness of the worker; current compensation programs should include a mix of basic pay, equities and variable pay. (Dainty, 2000) this has been taken care well by the Starbucks human resources management as All Starbucks employees are known as partners no matter which job position the employee occupy. Starbucks’s cultural values bestow employees with a feeling of meaning to their duty even if it is just only serving a cup of coffee. Each one of the partner (even part-timers) is entitled to get health care, take part in the Bean Stock program, and also get a free pound of coffee every week. In the Bean Stock program, Starbucks employees are given stock lower than the fair market value a number of times per year. At the same time the employees also take part in a 401(k) profit sharing plan. (Hoovers.com, 2007)

Human resource management (HRM) practices of Starbucks Corporation are among the best as attested by being rated as on of the best companies to work for by Fortune magazine. (Fortune.com, 2002) The management knows that the most important asset for any organisation-its human resource-requires extensive investment, commitment, financial benefits among others to be highly motivated and also committed to the company. (Armstrong, 2006)
Humana Inc. Company is a marketing company for health care services that was founded in 1961. Currently the company has more than 11.5 million customer base in America and it is considered to be the biggest company with revenue of over $21.4 billion.

Humana company human resource planning strategy
Employee recruitment, training and selection practices
The best method in which Humana Company has directly improved its performance in successfully dealing with the technological and sociological changes in the near future is to employing, selecting and training the right people in the organisation. Humana Company used the best strategic practice to achieve this that is normally referred to as a job-fit practice. This practice is was use by Humana company has it did not want to have its employees undergo extensive training but rather conduct their duties right away using their skills gained elsewhere pertaining the new technology. (Dainty 2000)

Another strategy that was used by the company is the person-organisation fit practice. In this case, Humana Company seek to recruit and select persons with good morals who are able to meet the organizations’ values, culture and structure in the changing sociological aspects of the society. Human resource management practices in the company have been utilized in measuring the analysis of the task to be carried out by organisations. These practice guided the management in selecting persons with desirable attitudes and characteristics suitable for the job description.

The human resource managements in Humana Company also carried out management training for its entire workforce in preparation for future managerial duties that will be in line with the new technological and social changes which are expected. This was done in response to business demands for the company. The human resource management of Humana Company has kept its employees well trained, recruited and selected as per the current and expected changes in the sociological and technological aspects of the company. These strategies have enabled the company to be a world leader in the industry.

Literature review
With human resource rising as the primary asset of an organization, human resources (HR) management are being faced with new challenges to come up with strategic approaches that can add value to the organisations when sourcing for new employees.

Performance management
Dainty (2000) suggests that, it is important that the human resource management have a way of tracking employee performance based on objective of the organisation and evaluate development of the employee competencies and skills. The old way which was paper based has been proven to be ineffective cumbersome and time consuming. The management need to replace these manual ways with complete automated performance management system allows the managers to easily connect organisation objectives to individual objectives, giving the human managers a complete outlook of how effective the staffs are. Human resource management can then analyse the whole staff in order to sport concerns across the organisation hierarchy. (Dainty, 2000)

He further argues that, tracking the employee production will enable the management to know where and which are need improvement, those employees who does not perform to the levels of set standards can be told to improve on their abilities or given duties which they can perform best. Armstrong (2006) also supports this, by stating that, since the aim of any organisation is to maximize profits and reduce costs, tracking the employees production will also enable the organisation to cut cost of production by for example, lying off those employees who are not producing. Ultimately these measures will add value to the organisation in terms of cost effectiveness.

Developing human resource strategy
Faced with the need to add value to the organisation, human resource need to come up with a more coherent and focused approach in sourcing practices. According to Dainty (pp 43-46), to develop such strategy, two issues have to be addressed.

What type of workforce does the organisation need in order to manage and also run the organisation so has to meet the organisation strategic business goals?
Which type of workforce programs and schemes must be planned and implemented so as to attract, develop and retain a workforce that can compete effectively?
For these questions to be answered the human resource has to align four key areas of an organisation these are;
The sourcing culture of the organisation; norms, beliefs and the management way of the organisation has to be structured in manner that it encourages sourcing or recruitment based on merit alone and on any other factors.
Human resource has also to address the organisation structure; this will define proper job descriptions, reporting lines in the organisation and job descriptions.
The workforce; the human resource has to address the issue of level of skills, management abilities of individual employees and staff potential.
The human resources will have also to address its systems; the human resource should have a workforce focused mechanism that will deliver a plan of workforce selection, training, communication, career development and rewards.

Druker (1995) also states that, If the human resource need to add value to the organisation in terms of quality and better services then, it has to retain its workforce, reward them, carry out appraisal, open communication systems and then re-examine the organisation human resource management plans. These strategies will ensure that the organisation is able to get and retain a workforce which will drive the organisation to new heights. (Druker, 1995)

However some market experts disagree and they argue that aligning the HRD does not ultimately lead to an organization achieving its objectives. Human capital is the most important and expensive resource of an organization, many professional, and market analysts do agree that up to 80% of the organisation worth is contained in the organisation work force. Armstrong (2006) observes that, highly successful organisations understands this vital differentiators and do take the required measures to get the most out of their human resource assets. Thus strategic realigning of this vital asset of the company is bound to create distraction to the smooth employment perspiration of the company and this will make the company not to achieve their market targets.

Sound employment policy
Grant (2005) suggest that, along term employment policy that projects fairness in promotions and career advancement is important in order for the workers to work harder so as to earn promotion. An organisation need to base on merit as the main consideration of promotion, this will ensure that employees feels that fairness is being done and will be satisfied with their jobs and the organisation at the same time. Otherwise, if the organizations have a constant approach of changing its human resources to achieve its marketing objectives, it may not realize the intended goal. (Grant, 2005) This point is also supported by Hunger & Wheelen (2003) who states that creating a culture of good performance in an organisation is much better than aligning the structure of human resources management. it the company is well structured and cultured it will clearly adapted to changes without being aligned.

According to Hunger & Wheelen (2003) they points out that for a company to achieve its marketing goals, it is more important to create an environment which can make the organization realize its goals. In order to a work to be comfortable and satisfied in an organisation, he needs to work in a working environment that is positive. The employee will feel worthwhile and also important if he/she is in a good working environment. The management should welcome each employee and be ready to listen to all their problems. This way, an employee feel satisfied and will produce more when in such a relaxing atmosphere. (Hunger & Wheelen, 2003) However, if the organisation does not want to listen to employees, the employees will definitely be unsatisfied with the organisation and this will lead to low production.

Grant (2005) ague's that human resources aligning are not the best strategies to employ when a company is looking for achieving its market goals. To him a company should use market orientation concept which stresses customer orientation. He further observes that, Customer orientation entails continuous improvement of business processes. This according to him will bring about the needed achievement instead of targeting the human resources. He further points out that changing people from their long time duties may kill their morale reduce their performance to the company. More so aligned employees will take time before adjusting to their new tasks and, this will certainly lead to reduced production during the time of adjustment which according to Grant will definitely reduce the overall projected sales target.

Conclusion
Business strategy remains important in ensuring that a business performs well. It is important that human resources management is carried out in a proper manner the human resource has a function of delivering strategy insights in the organisation so as to enable the organisation to be more effective in sourcing, evaluating and motivating employees in this increasingly unstable business environment. In addition the human resource has to continue providing administrative services which are dependable, responsive and cost effective to the needs of the organization. Starbucks and Humana companies have been able to be successful because of their good human resources management practices. It is clear that, for any company to be able to achieve, its market goals, it has to have correct human resources management. However, aligning the human resources does not guarantee 100% success towards achieving the market objective of a company.

THE TERM TSUNAMI AND ITS RECLAIMATION MEASURES (A DEGREE OF CONCEPTION)!

ITS HAS BEEN ETERNALLY FELT THAT THE EARTH QUAKE IS THE VERY CAUSE FOR TSUNAMI; A JAPANESE TEXT OF CONCERN WHICH INDICATES AN EPIDEMIC RELATED TO WATER “QUOTATION”.IT IS A CLEAR INDICATION OF HEAVY EARTHQUAKE.VARIOUS WATER BODIES(MARINE OR FRESH ) ARE VULNERABLE FOR TSUNAMI.

THE EPICENTRE OF ANY EARTHQUAKE CANT BE PREDICTED WITH CERTAIN REALITY.THE RELATED SECTOR ALLOWS PRESUMPTION AND ALARMS ABOUT ITS NEGATIVE FACTORS (EFFECTS).

A CHANNEL OF WAVE (SEISMIC) IS ALWAYS FELT DUE TO TECTONIC DISTURBANCES INSIDE THE EARTH CRUST (CHIEFLY PLATE {PEPTONIC}
MOVEMENT).

THE SEA FLOOR IS MOST VULNERABLE TO PLATE DISTURBANCE;THE FACT IS THAT THE PRESSURE GRADIENT DUE TO WATER BODY(MASS).BECOMES EVIDENT.IN OTHER HAND FREE LAND{TERRESTRIAL} EXERT PRESSURE IN ONE DIRECTION;MEANS THAT THERE IS NO PRESSURE GRADIENT{NOT CONSIDERING THE EARTH PROFILE}.

HAVING OVERVIEW TO THE EARTH PROFILE WE MAY COME TO KNOW THAT THE MANTLE STANDS FOR ROCK “METAMORPHOSIS”AT A EXTREMELY HIGH TEMPERATURE.THE PRESSURE FROM” TOP” IS EVIDENT.THIS CREATING A PRESSURE GRADIENT BETWEEN THE MANTLE AND EARTH CRUST.THIS GIVE RISE TO SEISMIC WAVES RUNNING ALL AROUND THE CRUST?

CONSIDERING THE SEA FLOOR,.THE SEISMIC WAVES THUS PRODUCED RECHARGES THE REGIME OF WATER AS A “UNIT” .THE GRADIENTS ARE TOWARDS THE TOP.ALL THESE GRADIENTS SUM UP SO THAT THERE IS A DEVASTATING” SURGE” TOWARDS THE EXTREMITIES.THIS BRINGS ABOUT FLASH FLOOD, GLOF ,GLACIER SURGE ETC, AS AN IMPACT OF TSUNAMI.

IN A THEORETICAL MANNER; THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION SHOWS”UNEVENNESS” IN THE WAVE PATTERN.UNEVENNESS HERE MEANS THE CO-ORDINATION OF CRESTS AND TROUGHS HAS VANISHED-SOME WHERE TROUGHS SURMOUNT AND CRESTS DOWN FALLS AND VICE –VERSA.THIS CREATES A HIGH WATER SURCHARGE AT THE BANKS i.e, RIVER BANK PROCESSES COME INTO EXISTENCE.A “PARALLELISM” IN VELOCITY GRADIENTS TOWARDS THE SEA SHORE(BANK) CAN ALSO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION.

TAKING THE CONSIDERATION OF THE EXTREMITIES OF WATER MASS; WE MAY THINK THAT THE NORMAL AND REAL BOTH FACTORS CONCLUDE TOWARDS THE SEA SHORE (BANK).

NOW GOING TO THE RECLAMATION MEASURES ,WE HAVE THE PERCEPTION THAT MINIMUM OPTIMUM LOSS WOULD HAPPEN.THIS BRINGS ABOUT THE CONCEPTION THAT THERE SHOULD NO HOUSING ACTIVITY NEAR THE SEA BANK.A CERTAIN DISTANCE(WITHOUT IMPACT) CAN BE ASCERTAINED.OTHER FACTORS MAY BE GULLY ARRANGEMENT,DAMP FORMATION,BAR MANAGEMENT,MAKING DOUGHS ETC, NEAR THE BANK.

ONE AND ONLY CONTRACEPTIVE IS TO HAVE EDUCATION CAMPAIGN ABOUT ITS DEVASTATING FEATURE, ITS IMPACTS AND ITS RECLAMATION MEASURES.THE MAIN AGENDA IS TO HAVE THE ECO-SPIRIT (TO BE ECO-FRIENDLY) AND ALWAYS HAVE THE PROLONGATIONS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT THE SEISMIC WAVES MAKE THEIR CHANNEL THROUGHOUT THE MAHABHARATA MOUNTAIN RANGE.

THIS IS A VERY CONCISE THEORY ABOUT THE TERM TSUNAMI.

Online Education, Advantages and Disadvantages!

The term “online education” means distance learning by computer. This is a relatively new idea and is now just at its beginning to catch on. Traditional resources in academy are limited to only a few high school students, so more and more new students are grabbing the opportunity of educating in the virtual classroom.

For everyone, nearly 600 courses are now available on the Internet supported by 35 different academic institutions. That number is growing rapidly as more assessment, resources of study and research are provided through the Internet. The advantages lie not only in technology, but in techniques of instruction and curriculum development along with assessment. These factors have made online education a desirable and efficient choice for students.

Online education has many advantages that can benefit students.

Some key points which make online education a better option for students will be listed here:
-For students, it helps them manage time efficiently. Online education helps to cut down time wasted in traveling to and from school and provides flexible scheduling.-For those who want to continue their current job while pursuing a degree.-For a visual learner, as traditional campus learning puts more emphasis on auditory activities such as lectures and oral discussions, online education learning mainly depends on visual learning.-For self-motivated people, who are well-organized in their life and know the value of utilization of time.-For people who want to be awarded any specialized degree not available locally. This is one of the most compelling reasons to go for online education.

But is distance education suitable for everyone?

Following factors should be taken into consideration:
-Like our other daily routine life, first check credibility of institution. You should not be enrol in a full course of online study in a hurry. Instead first you should familiarize yourself with the use of technology by enrolling in an elective course offered on the Internet.
-As these classes allow learners to choose their own studying schedules, as well as where and when they study and participate, this can also be a disadvantages for some of the disorganized learners. The most frequent situation would be to push away tasks and time runs off. A high degree of time management skills are needed for assured success.
-An online student should be more responsible for self learning. Instructors online are only a facilitator, and it is student him/herself to find his/her unique way of studying. They can request an instructor meeting and leading class discussion at a regular time.
-The student should be very good at Internet skills which enable them to use search engines and database managers properly. They should be familiar with using the World Wide Web, Newsgroups, FTP and e-mail for research and study.

Now in the end, we may have a conclusion that earning a degree online can have many advantages over traditional style of education. It will become your better education alternative. The advantages of online education can benefit you by helping you achieve education dream in a better way. But always remember, you should be more disciplined and sincerer about your future and study.

All about Career Goals and Learning Plan!

It is normally very important for an individual to formulate both long term and short term goals. This always acts as a guideline when undertaking various steps or even when making important decisions in line with education. This is because in life one has very many issues to deal with and unless goals are well set and defined, there are chances that the goals may never be achieved.

Apart from setting the desired goals a person has to put in place the necessary steps that need to be taken so that the formulated goals are achieved. This paper is dealing with the formulation of a personal career goals and how the degree that I am pursuing will help me to achieve them.

Career goals as earlier on illustrated, can be both long term and short term. The short term goals of course take a short duration for them to be accomplished. The long term goals on the other hand take quite a long time. Long term goals can take several years while short term goals can take a few days or months. The following are my career goals; both long term and short term.
This is our short term goal at the moment and we want to ensure that we complete it within a span of eighteen months. We are having online classes and currently working hard to ensure that we pass all the required examinations highly.

This is our long term goal at the moment. We want to ensure that we finish our PHD within a period of two years. This will be carried out by attending online classes. We may be currently working very hard on my master’s subjects so that we will be in a position to start our PHD within the planned time.

Timetable of our goals
GOAL

TIME
Masters degree

18 months
PHD

2years

At our age we have got many responsibilities which need my attention. We have a family to take care of, business and also we do go to work. Considering all these commitments our optimal learning time is always late at night and early in the morning. We find this very effective for me because have online classes. We have the Internet connected to us computer in our study room and therefore we easily do our studies at the specified time. This is because at this time the children are asleep and therefore we can have maximum concentration on our work. We do not have many things to attend to during the night and very early in the morning because we go to work during the day and also run our business during the day. For this reasons we find that online learning works best for us.

There are various methods that we use to retain course information. One of them is whereby we after reading or studying we come up with questions of which we type and save on the computer. After a period of one hour we may answer the questions and then mark them. We may ensure that we are doing all the questions that we have failed. This really helps us to retain all the information that we have learnt quite easily. I then ensure that we revise all the questions just a week before the examinations. This helps us to retain all that we have read.

Another way through which we retain what we have learnt is by writing some short notes on the studied subjects; it becomes very easy to retain what we have learnt. We go through the previous short notes before studying the next topic. We also carry out extensive research through the Internet on the topics given in the online classes this helps us to thoroughly understand the topic and therefore makes be to retain all the information that we have learnt. We also like to attempt very many examinations that are available online in relation the subject that we are handling. We may apply what we have learnt in our real lives especially at work and in my business. Through this it has been very easy for us to retain all that we learn.

Adult learning theory entails the following; it is noted that adults will always commit to learning when objectives and goals are important and realistic to them. This is in line with application in the real world. Many adults most cases resist learning ventures that are an attack on their personal competence. They would rather be the origin of their own learning. The professional development needs to give them control over when, where, how, what, who and why of what they learn. Adult learners always want to see that their learning is related to what they do in their day to day lives. These essential components of the adult theory have influenced how we learn because online learning gives me the freedom of choosing when, where, how, what, who and why of my learning. I case what we are learning is beyond my personal competence then we can easily switch to subjects that can help us understand it.

Among the time management strategies that I implement includes doing the right thing at the right time. We may ensure that we finish my work on time and do not carry some over when going home. We may ensure that the next day’s schedule is done the day before. We always ensure that we wake up on time and we keep time even in my appointments. Each task always has its allocated time of which we strictly adhere to. This simple time management strategies enable us to meet the course requirements.

One aspect of stress that we clearly know is the attitude. We can implement by changing my attitude towards returning to school. This will help us to manage stress associated with returning o school. We can manage stress by seeking for professional counseling. We can also manage it by identifying the major sources of stress. For instance if it is from the family we can get extra by employing people who will help us manage matters that need our attention at the family level.

Developing a career goal and learning plan is very essential especially for adult learners. This is because people of this age have got very many responsibilities that need their attention. Developing career goals helps adult learners to stay focused on what they need to accomplish in short and long term goals. Essential components of adult they always need to be considered when planning. These essential components include having the freedom to choose when, where, how, what, who and why of learning. Time and stress management are important aspects in career development.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTERGRATED INTO DISTANCE LEARNING!

Introduction
Distance learning may be defined as a form of education in which the teacher and the student are separated by space and sometimes also by time. This type of learning is normally characterized by voluntary participation by the student, pace of learning is normally determined by the student rather than the teacher and it is also characterized by lack of continuous communication by the teacher or student. The two latter parties are brought together by either the use of print media or through the use of technology.
Intelligence may be defined as the ability to adopt or change one’s behavior to suite their environment. Therefore artificial intelligence is when computers or other machines can be made to perform some duties that human beings can only perform when they use intelligence. Artificial intelligence can come in various forms. It may be sub- human where the computer or machines can only be able to perform simple tasks that are concentrated on a particular domain. Artificial intelligence can also be almost human or super human. The latter normally occurs when a machine is capable of carrying out all activities that human beings do while the latter will occur when a machines are capable of exceeding the potential of human beings. (Bransford et al, 2000)
Unfortunately, this is a problem that most researchers engaging in artificial intelligence research face. No computer or machine has been able to perform almost as many functions as the human brain. This is because what constitutes intelligence involves a complex number of factors. What human beings call common sense is a trait that is not possessed by computers. Currently, computers have only been able to perform certain specific functions. They have only been able to display some signs of artificial intelligence. These elements are what will be dealt with in the subsequent parts of the essay. They include;
language understanding-computers can be able to answer questions and answers in a certain programmed language problem solving-where computers can be able to tackle certain problems like given preconditions e.g. determining moves that are required to win in a chess game
Perception-the machine is able to sense areas within its environment and then react accordingly. An example are robots in assembly lines
Learning-computers are presented with a situation once then they store that information and use it for other similar circumstances e.g. using the format for past tenses of certain words then applying it to others.
Reasoning-when computers can be able to infer tasks appropriate to the given circumstances. (Gunther & Heide, 2002)
Technological applications in distance learning
In the olden days, distance learning was done through the use of print media or through the use of radios and televisions. Here, lecturers would talk to wide audiences who listened or watched. But this form was not very successful as most of these professors may have had good knowledge of their subject matter but lacked the ability to keep audiences interested in them. Then with the introduction of the Internet, there was a need to have more interaction between teachers and students. This has brought about the use of the following in distance learning. Some of these may incorporate some forms of artificial intelligence
-e-mail
-Audio-conferencing
-Video-conferencing
-Butellin board system
-Fiber optics
-Cable
-Satellite
-Audio-graphic teleconferencing
Areas that could require artificial intelligence in distance learning
There are two specific areas that will receive special emphasis in the essay. First of all, the issue of giving exercises during distance learning. Tutorials are a crucial aspect of distance learning because it enables the student to engage in active learning. They will be able to internalize concepts when there is a hand on approach. Tutorials are a good way to analyze a student’s understating of concepts since they can be able to apply them to solve problems.
The other area in distance learning that will receive emphasis in this section is the issue of communication. There are three parties that need to be coordinated in distance learning. These include the teacher, student and other members of the class i.e. his peers. There is a need for students to communicate ideas to these parties. Research done in distance education has indicated that courses in which there is adequate interaction through real time communication, retention rates increased to 75% from 20%. (Nicolai, 2003)
Currently exercises are normally administered through email. What has been happening is that students are given exercises through web servers that belong to their teachers. This is then followed by the student’s individual work. After completing the assignment, a student either has the option of sending the work to his teacher through email or they could actually hand it in manually to the lecturer. The lecturer does the marking on his or her own and the results may then be emailed back to the student. There are some shortcomings that come from such a system and will therefore necessitate the use of artificial intelligence. Some of them include;
1) There is a lack of individualization of the exercises to suite the particular needs of a student. In this traditional system, all the questions given to students of the class are the same.
2) Students who get problems when trying to solve a given problem are not able to get immediate responses to their queries. This could make work seem excessively hard for the student and could also make them lack motivation to continue with the course if everything seems to be so difficult
3) Teachers evaluate grades manually and this causes a lot of time and resource wastage on both the part of the student and the teacher
4) Lastly, students are not able to interact with their course mates to exchange ideas and help one another in the course of performing exercises or tutorials (Brunsmann, et al 1999)
In light of these inadequacies, Artificial intelligence will come in to solve some of them. Artificial intelligence could be used to measure how proficient a particular student is in doing a particular exercise. This is then followed by measuring proficiency of other students and comparing them. The student can then be given exercises that suite his/her level in terms of proficiency. Artificial intelligence can also help the student to be able to communicate with his or her peers who fall under the same level. On top of that, the concept can also help teachers from spending too much time when marking student wok as this can be done by the machine. Therefore incorporating all these aspects into one will result into a tutoring system that has some from of artificial intelligence. There is some work that has been started on such a project by the University of Mannheim.
Artificial intelligence can be able to merge a number of issues at the same time to help toward the solution of these problems. First of all, it is possible to program a computer to enable it to generate problems for students and also to be able to perform symbolic calculations. It is also possible to be bale to make the machine adapt to a given set of multiple choice questions. On top of that, one can be able to control an online system by himself. This is crucial aspect to any student in that they feel that they will be learning at their own pace. Some researchers claim that when a student possesses control over his or her learning, then they are able to develop meta-cognitive abilities. Besides this, artificial intelligence also enables the student to get immediate feedback about his or her progress and this assists greatly in the process of learning. (Ossi, 2000)
Therefore there is need to integrate all these components of artificial intelligence into one. This means that one can be able to utilize a hybrid model. The model can consist of a feedback system and also a system that allows the student to be able to control his or her learning. These two aspects will allow the system to be able to merge two aspects i.e. an aspect of behavior where a student is able to practice continuously and consistently and the aspect of cognition since students are able to control their own learning.
Artificial intelligence can therefore be applied to distance learning through the following criteria; it can be able to use some algorithms to measure how proficient a certain student is. Then the student is given feedback, this is then followed by immediate adaptation to the kind of proficiency that students posses. It is a known fact that students require something that is challenging to them in order to maintain their interest. This is what will be achieved by this hybrid model of artificial intelligence. It is also crucial to monitor exercises such that a student also does not have to do something that is beyond his or her means. When exercises are too difficult for the learner, they are bound to loose motivation and may even drop out of their course or class. (Mao and Lin, 1992)
What makes artificial intelligence unique to current systems in place during distance learning?
Currently there are some online systems designed to measure the capability of a given student say in the solving of a mathematical problem. However, these systems simply measure outcome, they do not send feedback to students and they also do not allow communication to classmates through video conferencing. On the other hand, there are systems that can be able to facilitate video conferencing but such systems do not measure performance levels of students. This implies that the students who interact may not necessarily belong to the same category. When students of different capabilities are lumped together, it may not lead to constructive learning. Therefore, the current systems of video conferencing are mainly between students and their tutors but not between students especially those of the same level.
Academic reasons why group interactions are important
Group interactions help students in a number of ways. First of all, they make the student active. This is because the student is now aware that there are other people who may be waiting for him/her and this helps the student to stay on his or her toes. On top of that, a teacher will be able to know hat kind of level a student has reached just from the kind of group which that student belongs to. A student is also greatly motivated. This is because they are able to enjoy the fact that they are working together with others and conferring with them. Group interactions give a platform for doing exercises. These exercises can then be evaluated by a teacher and student performance can then be determined. Group work also draws less attention from the tutor as the sole source of knowledge in the class. It allows students to access knowledge from their peers and also boosts their self confidence.
Researchers in the field of education have shown that for one to able to understand given facts in a concrete manner, then it is necessary for others to explain it to them in depth. By doing so, a student will be able to apply that knowledge to solve certain skills. Mayes et al (2000) recommends dialogue for most students to enable them to be able to fill in any gaps or misunderstandings in the course. He claims that in every learning cycle, there must be some form of two way interaction which he calls ‘the externalization processes. Research has also shown that the use of team work in learning helps students to memorize facts quite easily. This is improved by the fact that there will be increase motivation on the part of the student. It is also a method that is acceptable by many students out there.
Traditionally, most online systems favored the interaction of teacher to student only. This could present several drawbacks to the learning process. First of all, the student felt isolated since he or she did not know about the whereabouts of other students in his class. On top of that, the student may also have some restrictions bout constantly disturbing his/her tutor since this person is viewed as the ultimate expert. These are all not conditions that can bring out the optimum level of performance from a student. This is where artificial intelligence will come in. It will aid in the creation of peer communication rather than the traditional and often impractical approach of help desk.
Problems in distance learning that need to be solved with the help of artificial intelligence
Distance learning by its very nature poses the problem of conducting exercises. What is currently happening is that teachers give students assignments through the Internet or students can download the information. This assignment is then done by the student and then it is emailed back or it can be up loaded onto a particular teacher’s web server. While the student is doing their work, there is no room for interaction and this causes feelings of isolation. Students and teachers have no way of knowing performance levels of the students and communication between peers is not a common feature.
How the different aspects will be merged to make hybrid model of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence will allow the student to be able to work on exercises that go with their level of intelligence. The more advanced a student gets, the more challenging the questions that student will be receiving. This is also coupled with the fact that there are feed backs given to that student. This will help the student to assess his or her progress.
The system will also be monitoring who is online, measuring their performance at any one time and can be able to gauge who is working on similar exercises, then this can allow it to merge members belonging to the same groups automatically. This allows the student who wishes to interact with others to alert the system through some form of input like pushing a button. In case the student would like to work with some other groups that may not necessarily belong to his/her performance level, then all they have to do is notify the system and they can start enjoying video conferencing through the aid of the system. (Mao and Lin, 1992)
Design of the hybrid model of artificial intelligence
Since we have looked at the needs that should be addressed by the artificial intelligence model, then it is crucial to incorporate those needs into the design of the model. The artificial intelligence model system can be made up of a server-client web based technology.
The first portion will consist of a web client. This will act as interface for the student. There will be a screen shot of the student and a bar for navigation that will allow the student to deal with specific exercises. The main exercise is placed at the centre of the screen and the student can be able to perform this given exercise as often as he/she likes. It should be noted that this type of exercise is dynamic in nature and changes with the advancement level of the student. The exercise is conducted through a Java applet. Then when the student has been able to complete the assignment, they should be able to hand in information through the server. This exercise is then marked by the system and results are given. The system will have certain performance criteria installed and will be able to measure the student’s performance against these criteria. After doing that, the server is then able to place the student in different ranking. This will be after the student has completed a given round of questions. (Allen, 1997)
There will be a ranking list placed on one side of the screen for the student to be able to access it. On top of that, there will be a process that will lead to video conferencing. This can be achieved through the use of a URL that will call a certain student. This will be achieved through a Session Initiation Protocol. When the student on the other side sees this message, then they can be able to accept the call and video conferencing can then begin. This may apply to a student that is within the same level as the original learner since a list will be displayed. However, the same process can also apply to tutors because the student may be in need of expert advice on the subject matter. The beauty about the use of artificial intelligence to achieve all these tasks is that there will be flawless communication between members of a class or course; there will also be the aspect of video or audio communication without a break in between of telephony or the computer.
How learning performance can be measured
There is a need to integrate some performance indicators into the artificial intelligence system. They will be as follows
time
proficiency
reliability
Time will be measured by the system in milliseconds. It will be an indication of the duration a student takes from the onset of a given exercise to the point when they have completed that given task. This is a crucial aspect in any form of learning because we can liken it to a typical classroom scenario. Here, a teacher can be able to measure a student’s speed when giving them exercises since they are in face to face contact with each other. This aspect is a crucial indicator of how a student performs because there may be times when the student gives a correct response but they take hours to come up with that answer.
Proficiency will show how difficult the problem is and to what level did the student reach when attempting to solve the problem. This is because some students re capable of completing the entire solution while others may come very close to the solution without necessarily completing it. Others can also start with the initial pats of the solution then they come to a stop.
Reliability is used to indicate the consistency level which student possesses in answering given questions. Most of the time it is possible to find that there are numerous cases of inconsistency. A student is able to do a certain type of question at one time and then at another instance they are defeated. It would not be a good idea to infer that a student is good at a given topic just because they were able to answer one type of question. In this sense, reliability is a combination of the proficiency level in answering certain types of problems. This criterion is also known as confidence level.
The performance level is kept in the database and is quite important because it will be used to determine what rank students falls in. It will also be used to place that given student in a category of group members. This will then form the basis of video conferencing tools that will eventually take place between the peers. Performance rankings will also be the criterion upon which a different set of questions will be offered to the student
How an adapted exercise can be generated
These can be achieved in two ways.
1) First of all, there can be numerous questions placed in the database of the server. Then each question is given a certain level of difficulty. When need arises, then a specific question can be chosen
2) Alternatively, questions can be generated at any one time by the use of a program. This is a process that will be continuous with time
Selecting questions at will from a given database can be achieved through the use of an algorithm that was suggested by Huang (1998). This programmer suggested that for the algorithm to work there must be a huge sample of questions. It utilizes an algorithm called CBAT-2. This algorithm can adopt to determine the difficulty level of the question. In this algorithm questions are weighed by two factors i.e. the difficulty level and the level at which one can be able to guess the right answers. This is what is called the guessing factor.
Selecting the right questions is a two step procedure. First of all, the system is able to choose the type category to analyze the students in. This is then followed by picking out questions from the relevant area of study. All these will be based on the extent of difficulty of the question. The reason why Huang suggests a large amount of questions to choose from is because if the questions were few then there may be chances of cheating or guessing.
Automatic evaluation of questions can be done by the sever only if the questions fall under the following categories
multiple choices that have one answer
Multiple choice with many answers
mathematical problem with one solution
filling in blanks
ordering problem
other types of questions that be graded
The first bunch of questions; multiple choices with one answer, is the most well know one and they do not require any complicated systems for analysis. However such systems may have their own drawbacks. This is because they leave lot of room for guesswork especially if the sample space is small. On top of that, there is also the possibility of cheating since students do not give in their exact names. (Liang, et al, 2005)
The second types of questions are similar to the first but with a slight variation. First of all, there are many right answers that may be available to the student. He or she must make sure that they only choose one correct question. Then the questions can be analyzed such that those who select a right answer get a point for it and any wrong answer will lead to a loss of points. There are a number of shortcomings that may arise from such a system. These include the fact that chances of guessing the right answer are incrassated if there is more than one right answer that corresponds to the question. On top of that, scores are not clear since it is possible fro students to loose marks and to gain them.
The next set of questions is a mathematical problem that can only have one solution. The computer can be programmed to ascertain that the student gets the right answers and scores are only given to those who get it correct. However, this can be improved when dealing with more complex problems in that the system can be able to cater for some predictable or allowable arithmetic errors and hence scores are tallied against those results as well. This will be important in eliminating the all or nothing law.
Other types of questions that can be generated include filling in blanks. What normally happens is that a student is meant to fill in the gaps and his or her solution is matched against certain built in solutions within the system. Correct answers may vary so a number of key words ought to be provided for this. On top of that, there can also be the possibility of setting answers that may be very near the true ones, Students who fill in those near ones can be awarded half the marks. This will go a long way in encompassing some students who may have an idea but have not yet fully developed it. (Allen, 1997)
The system can also generate an ordering problem. As the name suggests, such kinds of systems are normally evaluated through the correct arrangement of a series of steps. If a student is able to put all of them in the right order, then he/she should be able to score the maximum points. However, there is also room given to students who might be somewhere near the answer. Those who miscalculated one step will loose few marks, those who missed two or three will result in loss of more marks. This goes to show that the system can be adjusted to evaluate students not simply on the right and wrong criteria but also based on their attempts
During the generation of the questions, what normally happens is that the kinds of questions that are essential to the course are labeled. Levels of difficulty to the questions are also given but this must be done manually. There will be a formula that will help the system to compute what is the level of performance of a given student. After doing this, then a Java applet is utilized to do the following actions
-retrieving data from student
-presenting questions to student
-measuring and recording performance criteria
-giving feedback of the results to the server
The main advantage of such a system, where there is a vast number of questions that are generated, is that this can be used in content domains. On top of that, teachers may get some assistance from an editor called WILD. This will help them in the process of generating questions.
Generating questions to be used at any one time in the server
The system can be programmed such that it is able to identify and scrutinize questions on the basis of three levels. First of all it should be able to asses the level of proficiency if the user, this can be called the level of discrimination. The second parameter to check for is the level of difficulty. This aspect was in built into the system by tutors and they are the ones to determine how easy or difficult a question can be. Lastly, the system can be able to respond to the level of guessing which student poses. (Mitsuru, 1997)
Normally what occurs is that a system will be given the moat important parameter to look out for. This is essential because the most important parameter among the three is the level of proficiency of the student.
Implementing the server containing artificial intelligence
Implementation of the server is done by incorporating any of three perspectives
template applets
independent subject
clients for the artificial intelligence model
a server for the artificial intelligence model
The first thing one need to examine is the artificial intelligence server. The program that can be used for such a server is Linux in relation with DBMS. Here, there will be a table in which all the information regarding a particular student can be entered. These include their results, names, groups and even their logins. In addition, there should also be the use of Java for conducting the exercise and also for communication. (Blackboard Inc., 2002)
There should be an interface for the web and this can most likely be done through the use of Apache which is a web sever. Administration can be done through the use of a PHP script.
An example of application of an artificial intelligence server on distance learning
We will examine the use of the system to be able to evaluate students doing fractional arithmetic.
It is important for the tutor to define his/her objectives. In this case it can be that the teacher wants his students to be able to add, subtract, multiply, divide and subtract tractions. This should then be followed by designing the problems to be done in the exercise. It should be noted that the questions should be varied in their complexity. Measurement to be utilized in calculation will come out automatically. Values in the form, of integers are then given to the questions that have different levels of complexity. It is then up to the tutor to apply the Java applet that puts forward the questions to the student.
The results are then meant to be integrated into the Java framework where students are supposed to access the information from. The framework’s purpose is to determine the kind of performance level that students attain. It also allows the student to be able to access his/her results. It is important that after the tutor has completed al the above procedures, then they should register their applet so that students may be able to access it.
Conclusion
Distance learning by its very nature presents certain problems to the tutor and the student. First of all the student is not able to interact with members of his class. This is worsened by the fact that communication with tutors may also be a problem. Tutors are also faced with the difficulty of marking scripts manually and can therefore spend too much time on this. Artificial intelligence can be incorporated into distance learning through a server that is able to perform many crucial tasks.
First of all, the server will present questions to a student, mark these questions and assign a performance level. The system will then be able to use this proficiency level to rank the student and the next set of questions that the student will do will depend on the type of score. The more student scores, the more difficult the next question. On top of that, artificial intelligence will also be able to choose other students that may fall in the same category as the given client and he may be able to interact with them and exchange ides. This will also apply to tutors. Another fascinating feature that can be incorporated into distance learning is the fact that students can portray a level of control over the questions they choose. (Claude & Gilles, 1990)
Questions can either be generated through the use of a large pool of questions arranged according to level of difficulty or through the generation of a given question at any one time. Implementation of the idea requires four main aspects. There will be a general sever and some templates whose purpose will be to act as a framework. On top of this, there will be the use of a web interface and then the clients for the system. By applying these steps, artificial intelligence will have played a crucial part in the improvement of distance learning.

THE POLITICAL DEADLINE OF NEPAL; THE PROSPECTUS OF CONSTITIUTIONAL MONARCHY, MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY AND THE THEME OF PEOPLES REVOLUTION 2046!

THE FIRST JANA MAT SANGRAHA OF NEPALESE POLITICAL SOCIETY MAY BE ACCOUNTED FOR “THE PANCHAYATI BYAWASTHA”SO CALLED AS THE “GAU PANCHAYATA”.NEPAL IS SAID TO BE A COUNTRY MERE OF VILLAGES-THE UNITS OF GEOGRAPHY OF NEPAL.THE WHOLESOME POLITICAL COUNTER BALANCES DEFINE THE VILLAGE “ASPECTS”.ASPECTS MEANS ANY “REVOLUTIONARY” STEP.THE PANCHA JURY PROCLAIM EVERY AND ANY POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES.THY PEOPLE CANT SPEAK AGAINST THE JURY.

THEN THE TIME CALLED FOR THE RANA'S REGIME. EVERY MISCHIEVOUS HAPPENINGS OCCUR AT THAT TIME.PEOPLE HAD AN UTTER CALL FOR SURVIVAL.UN PEACEFUL ATMOSPHERE REPRESENTED THE PEOPLE VIGOROUS “ATTITUDE”.PEOPLE REVOLUTION 2046 DEFINED THE THEME OF MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY AND CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY.MANY” PEOPLE” DEVOTED THEIR LIVES AGAINST THE”NIRANKUSH” SASAN PADATI AS EXERCISED BY THE RANAS.

THE PEOPLES REVOLUTION BRINGS ABOUT DEMOCRACY AMONG THE PEOPLES.PEOPLE WERE ENCHANTED WITH CRITICAL HAPPINESS.THE THEME OF SAWAYATA SASAN PARNALI CAME INTO VIEW.ITS AN GLOBAL OVERVIEW.THE CONSTITUTION OF NEPAL2047 CAME INTO ACT.EVERY CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS AND ITS PERSPECTIVE ARE FREE TO SURVIVE INDEPENDENTLY.AS THERE IS A UNIVERSAL TRUTH OF TRAGEDY OF COMMONS; EVERY TOOLS OF DEMOCRACY ARE OVERWHELMED WITH MISUSE AND MISHAPPENINGS; SO CALLED AS THE MISUSE BEYOND THE LIMITS;CALLED AS AUTHORITATIVE THRESHOLD.

MAOISM IN NEPAL SAID TO BE RECLAIMED AT FROM THE VERY TIME.BY THEN EACH AND EVERY DISASTROUS AND WAR ORIENTED MISHAPPENINGS CAME INTO EXISTENCE.PEOPLE CRY FOR PEACE.MAOISTS AGENDA ARE BEYOND THE LEGACY OF THE LEGISLATIVE GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL; WHO EVER ARE AND IS THE LEADER OF THE GOVERNMENT.NOW A VITAL DEADLOCK HAS BEEN FELT.THE NEXUS OF PEOPLE WITH THE GOVERNMENT HAD TOTALLY RUINED.THE GOVERNMENT STANDS FOR AN ISOLATED PERCEPTIVE POLITICS.THE YOUTH HAS BEEN TOTALLY HOPELESS.AN INEVITABLE “WEB” OF POLITICAL PROLONGATIONS ONLY COME INTO EXISTENCE.NO OUTPUT; THE THEME CLARIFIES ITSELF.THE “ATMOSPHERE” RELATED TO THE PEOPLE SEEMS TO BE TOTALLY DETERIORATED.MANY “ATTEMPTS” HAVE BEEN MADE FOR THE RECONCILIATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY WHAT EVER NAME HAS BEEN GIVEN TO THEM.
KING GYANENDRA HAS PASSED’TALK” RESOLUTION TWO TIMES SMELLING THE SEVERE DEADLINE.THE SECOND TALK RESUMES THE GOVERNMENT TO THE KING AND HIS MAJESTY'S ACQUAINTANCES.AN ULTIMATUM OF 3 YEARS HAS BEEN GIVEN.

WE PEOPLE ARE JUST GLARING TO THE VIABLE REALITY……………………

All about Case Studies-an overview!

Observing a little, normal kid with his/her parents. There appears to be a continuous flow of communication supported by eye contact, touch, oral communication, as well as signs. At times the participant is not even conscious that he/she is communicating.

In a kid who has disability, a number of the communication paths are cut off. In a kid who has a limited motor functions, the likelihood to run and hug the parent might be restricted. If the kid has visual or speech impairment, the difficulty is further complicated. Thus it is rather natural that convulsive children display behaviors setbacks. They could show tantrums, use unkind words loudly, or become listless.

Communication disorders entail a broad range of difficulties in speech, hearing and language. For instance, speech and talking disorders comprise stuttering, dysfluency, aphasia, voice disorders, articulation difficulties, impediments in speech and talking, and phonological disorders. These disorders may be due to some environmental factors, high risk register problem being the most common.

Students who have communication disorder need to be treated equally as a teacher will treat other student, however in addition the teacher is supposed to do the following:
· Students having communication disorders ought to be persuaded to talk about their functional difficulties as well as their needs in confidential in the initial week of learning and to discuss methods for compensation.

· When it seems that a student requires assistance, enquire if you can assist. A teacher should accept a “No” graciously.
· Encouraging the classmates to acknowledge the student having communicative difficulty.
· Being a fine speech model, this will show to every one that fine communication is pleasing.
· Establishing and maintain in the classroom an atmosphere which is conducive to simplify a communication.
· Conferring with a Speech Language specialist regarding the child with the communicative disorder in class and work with the Language specialist all through the class time.
· Keeping the latest records on the student's achievements in treatment.
· Offering the student with speech disorder chance to speak in the class.
· Giving her time to communicate don’t disrupt or attempt to fill up in gaps for her.
· Speaking to her naturally.

When the teacher is in class teaching, the teacher ought to do the following the 6years old with cerebral palsy and difficulty in communications
1. Should make contact and maintain the contact with the student.
2. Allow her to tape the lessons.
3. Offer and interpreter (signed English) to her, if she requires another kind of communication to understand
4. Assist and Encourage in facilitation of involvement in discussions and activities.
5. Be patient.

Physical education in vital in health fitness and general well being of students, Physical education develops strength, maintains body mobility at the same time it challenges the mind and the body. All young people irrespective of their disabilities need to benefit from the positive advantage of physical education. Starting from an early age students should be involved in physical education to which will help them have confidence in their abilities and they chose activities that much their interests and needs. For our student the teacher will have to;
Having a Discussion with the student to find out any particular requirements, difficulties or alternatives she foresees in the physical education learning setting.

Considering alternative exercises/ activities which the student can utilize with a lesser amount of difficulty, except has similar or same learning goals.

Making individual advance preparations with the curators throughout inactive visiting field tours.

Providing assistance in the field; however also offer positive support when that student demonstrates the capability of doing something without help.

Testing is an important aspect of assessing all students to know how much their have understood what they learn at school. For this particular student test modification can be done for her by the teacher. This are modifications that are done on testing processes or test formats which offers students who have disabilities an equal chance to take part in test conditions and to reveal their abilities and knowledge. On top of that the teacher should;
· Permitting additional time for that student having communication disorder to finish tests.
· Creating tests which are suitable for the disorder the student has (written, oral or drawn)
· Checking to make sure that the test instructions are wholly comprehended by the student and offer any extra help that might be required. (Mercer & Mercer, 1998)

As ideas and belief concerning child development and the aspects that impact the child development vary greatly according to the cultural context, it is certain that children raised in different cultural context will vary from others. Studies show those cultural differences in terms of parents’ beliefs, norms and behaviors as well as their understanding of parenting plays an important role on how the parents will provide care to the child. This will in turn affect the way the student will develop and learn.

Parents who have the child with disability should understand the situation and try to assist the child through helping the child to build her self worth. This can be done through the following aspects.

The parents should improve their own self-worth. Parents with cultural background which makes them have low self-esteem and feel the ashamed of the child will definitely pass the insecurities to the child unless they improve their own self-worth and change their cultural perceptions.

Build on the child's good aspects and abilities, instead of focusing on the disability of the child. Regular criticism will destroy the self-worth of the child. The child should be encouraged by her parents when she does something good and her parents need to help her always.

The parents also should listen to the child. Her worries and interests might appear insignificant to parents, in the similar manner that her parents might appear inconsequential to her, however through listening and being able to understand the child the will be able to grow socially and build her self esteem. The child will start to believe in herself and value herself which will enhance her factions.

Asking the option of the child on issues which affects them, the child will important and valued. A child is much more perceptive as opposed to the way the parents may be thinking.

The parent should assist the child plan and set-up her goals, even if there are very small. When the child achieves such goal, it will be a positive act, which will assist the child in building her self-worth and dealing with her disability. This will also improve the way she relates with other children.

In order to enhance child parent relation, parents should undertake several things
Improve communication between the child and the parent
Parents getting more involved with their children activities
Parents giving proper care to the child
Stressing respect and between the child and the parent

These factors will improve the relationship between the parent and child and create a good understanding between the parents and the child. Communication factor is the most important because it is through communication that a child can express his/her feelings about issues. Thus, parents need to encourage a lot of communication which should be free flowing and open. This will go along way to breaking done the cultural barriers which makes the parents not to value or feel ashamed of their child.

When the teacher is teaching such child order for a teacher to teach such a student the teacher should formulate learning lessons which will assist the child in building her self worth and reducing the discrimination arising from the cultural perceptions of the parents. Some of the general aspects that the teacher should do include
The teacher should develop proper practice to encourage the teachers to have a greater understanding of cultural diversity and be able to sensitive in tackling issues of culture. Mendieta (2004) notes that, this type of aspect is good when each child is allowed to express share and amplify their personal differences within a classroom.

The Teacher should be able to adapt the particular requirements of the student in the class and also the teacher should be able to response appropriately to the specific needs of the student.
The teacher should be able to identify and acknowledge the different cultural communications model of the student, the teacher can easily assist the student in his/her classroom and help them gain more confidence and become more comfortable.

When the teacher formulated the curriculum, the curriculum should reflect the needs of the student. The curriculum should be based on the following characteristics;
Should be based on good theoretical philosophies of how children develop and learn
Should be formulated to attain lasting emotional, cognitive social and physical goals
Has to include achievable and realistic expectations which permit students with diverse capabilities to work at various levels on various activities
Build on what the students ready know
Should Support individual, linguistic and cultural diversity, offering a balance between the majority culture and the minority culture
Be flexible and should be able to adapt to individual student or groups.

One of the biggest challenges being faced by teachers in schools is how to find ways and methods of meeting the distinctive needs of different students in a classroom. Different students have different behavioral aspects, and each student has a different interests and methods of learning. The challenge in a classroom situation becomes bigger because the teacher is not only responsible for one student, but also for the entire classroom. Thus, it becomes unclear which method a teacher needs to use, at times the method can ever become controversial.

Behavioral disorders is at times referred to as conduct disorders, is amongst the most widespread types of psycho pathology amongst children as well as young adults. It is the mainly regularly cited as reason for victims’ being referred to mental health treatment. The manifestation of behavioral disorders over the past years is increasing significantly in the classrooms especially the junior classes. As a consequence, the presence of disorder has led to the classroom and the school has whole to make some adjustments in the way the way they teacher such a student suffering from behavioral disorders.

As a result their presence severely constrains the ability of the school systems to educate students effectively. The prevalence of behavioral problems among children and young adults is substantial. Many surveys indicate that behavioral disorders vary among young adults, ranging from 2 and 6% in K-12 students. This percentage translates into 1.3 to 3.8 million cases of behavioral disorders among the school and pre-college population. Some of the features of a student suffering from behavioral disorders include but are not limited to:
· Initiation of violent behavior as well as reacting violently towards other people
· An exhibit of maltreatment, intimidating, or threatening behavior
· Being physically insulting of others
· Deliberate ruin of other's belongings
· Showing little concern and understanding for the wishes and feelings of others.

In order for a teacher to teach such a student the teacher should bring the students attention to role models having similar disability who have gone ahead. Inquire from the previous teachers concerning the interactive techniques which were in the past effective for the student. Try and expose the student suffering from the behavioral disorders to other students who are showing normal behaviors. In addition the teacher should also determine if the student is on medication, and if such medication has any effect on the class performance of the student, and make the necessary adjustment of teaching. Some other general strategies to undertake include;
Utilize time-out sessions for cooling off disorderly behavior as well as a break supposing the student requires one.

In group work activities, recognize the inputs of the student having behavioral disorder.
Develop a contingency strategy with the student where by improper forms of answer are substituted by proper ones.

Treat the student having behavioral disorder just as a person who is deserves respect and kindness.
Provide encouragement.
Reward him more than you penalize, so as to build his self-esteem.

After having the student for a period of about one week, and making observation about the student, the teacher should try and foresee the classroom circumstances, where emotional state of the student will be susceptible and the teacher should be prepared to use proper moderate strategies. This includes
The use of examples, to encourage the student to study science so that he can follow grown-up behaviors
Analysis the student's fundamental capability to adjust and communicate your own communications efforts respectively
Use an extensive range of instructional equipments that are able to be displayed so that the student can see and touch.

When a curiosity in a specific part has been stimulated, the teacher can speak to the student concerning it and demonstrate to him how to apply it.

Extraordinary efforts must be made aimed at encouraging and easily facilitating students having behavioral disorders to interrelate.

· It is essential to target particular pro-social behaviors for proper instructions and evaluation to take place for example:
· Taking turns to work with partner by following directives.
· Reading as a group or reading with other students
· Increasing positive relations via ways of offering rewards upon reading appropriately
· Demonstrating proper reading
· Instructional strategies entailing self-reinforcement, self-control, self-monitoring, cognitive behavior, problem solving and meta-cognitive skills ought to be put in focus on teaching the student reading skills.

Testing is an important aspect in learning of behavioral disorder student, it is important that when the teacher or the school is formulating tests the following should be undertaken by the teacher.

· Be responsive to the student's responses to the different aspects of evaluation.
· For the student, gather in his portfolio numerous examples of assignments (quizzes, projects, assignments,) which reveal knowledge of the unit or the subject of study.
· Create individual arrangements during a test for the student with behavioral disorder in relation to what his individual needs is, in a manner that the integrity of the tests is not compromise.

· Keep an abreast with the student development through unofficial assessment.
· Offer private room setting/alternative tests site.

A child having a disability calls for specific different way from the parents and the teachers, to meet the specific needs of such a student. However, the first important step towards achieving that task is being conscious of the challenge. McDonnell, et al (1997) states that, a teacher as a responsibility to ensure that all students in a classroom understand his/her lessons in class. It is upon the teacher to make the necessary adaptations and adjustments to be able to meet the specific needs of the students having disabilities.. Proper practices, responsive curriculum, a multicultural approach test modifications are some of the methods that a teacher can implement to ensure that he/she meets the specific requirements of students with disorders. The support of the parents and the whole community is also important in ensuring that the child gets proper care and positive encouragements from the parent. Parents have a strong responsibility in building the students talents and abilities and offering proper care.